Strategies for Climate Priorities:

Winter

1. Keep the heat in and the cold temperatures out during the summer

   1. Avoid building on cold northern slopes
   2. Build on the middle of slopes to avoid both the pools of cold air at the bottom and the high winds at the top of hills
   3. Use a compact design with a minimum surface-area-to-volume ratio (for example use two story buildings instead of one)
   4. Build attached or clustered buildings to minimize the number of exposed walls
   5. Use earth sheltering in the form of underground or bermed structures
   6. Place buffer spaces that have lower temperature requirements (closets, storage rooms, stairs, garages, gymnasiums, heavy work areas, etc.) along the north wall. Place a sun space buffer room on the south
   7. Use temperature zoning by both space and time since some spaces can be kept cooler than others at all times or at certain times. (Bedrooms can be kept cooler during the day, and living rooms can be kept cooler at night when everyone is asleep.)
   8. Minimize the window area on all orientations except south
   9. Use double or triple glazing, low-e coatings, and movable insulations on windows
   10. Use plentiful insulation in walls, on roofs, under floors, over crawl spaces, on foundation walls, and around slab edges
   11. Insulation should be a continuous envelope to prevent heat bridges. Avoid structural elements that are exposed on the exterior since they pierce the insulation. Avoid fireplaces and other masonry elements that penetrate the insulation layer
   12. Place doors on fireplaces to prevent heated room air from escaping through the chimney. Supply fireplaces and stoves with outdoor combustion air

2. Protect from the cold winter winds

   1. Avoid windy locations like hilltops
   2. Use evergreen vegetation to create windbreaks
   3. Use garden walls to protect the building and especially the entrances from cold winds
   4. In very windy areas, keep buildings close to the ground
   5. Use compact designs to minimize the surface area exposed to the wind
   6. Use streamlined shapes with rounded corners to both deflect the wind and minimize the surface-area-to volume ration
   7. Cluster buildings for mutual wind protection
   8. Use long sloping roofs , as in the New England saltbox houses, to deflect the wind over the building to create sheltered zones on the sunny side
   9. Place garages and other utility spaces on the winter windward side. Tis is usually the north, northwest, and northeast side of the building
   10. Use sun spaces and glazed-in porches as windbreaks
   11. Use earth sheltering or build in hallows. Also, the wind can be deflected by earth berms built against the wall or by constructing protective earth banks a short distance from the building
   12. Minimize openings, especially on the side facing the winter winds, and place the main entry on the leeward side
   13. Use storm windows, storm doors, air locks (vestibules), and revolving doors to minimize infiltration
   14. Close all attic and crawl space vents
   15. Use tight construction, caulking, and weather stripping to minimize infiltration. Use high-quality operable windows and doors
   16. Place outdoor courtyards on the south side of the building
   17. In winter, even windows in freestanding garden walls should be closed to protect the enclosure from the cold winds
   18. In snow country, use snow fences and windscreens to keep snow form blocking entries an south facing windows

3. Let the winter sun in

   1. Build on south, southeast, or southwest slopes.
   2. Check for solar access that might be blocked by landforms, vegetation, and manmade structures
   3. Avoid trees on the south side of the building
   4. Use only deciduous trees on the southeast and southwest sides
   5. Also, use deciduous trees on the east and west sides if winter is very long
   6. The long axis of the building should run east-west
   7. Most windows should face south
   8. Use south-facing clerestories and dormers instead of skylights
   9. Place spaces that benefit the most from solar heating along the south wall. Spaces that benefit the least should be along the north wall (storage rooms, grarages)
   10. Use an open floor plan to enable sun and sun-warmed air to penetrate throughout the building
   11. Use direct-gain, trombe walls and sunspaces for effective passive solar heating
   12. Use thermal mass on the interior to absorb and store solar radiation
   13. Use light-colored patios pavements, or land surfaces to reflect additional sunlight through windows
   14. Use specular reflectors (polished aluminum) to reflect additional sunlight through windows
   15. Use active solar collectors for domestic hot water, swimming pool heating, space heating, and process heat for industry
   16. If there I little or no summer overheating, use dark colors on exterior walls (especially the south walls)
   17. Create sunny but wind protected outdoor spaces on the south side of the building

4. Protect from the summer sun

   1. Avoid building on the east and especially west slopes. North slopes are best if solar heating is not require in the winter while south slopes are best if solar heating is desirable in the winter
   2. Use plants for shading. Evergreen trees can be used on the east, west and north sides of a building. Deciduous plants are most appropriate for shading the southeast, the southwest, and the roof.
   3. Avoid light-colored ground covers around the building to minimize reflected light entering windows unless day-light is an important strategy. Living ground covers are best because they do not heat the air while they absorb solar radiation
   4. Have neighboring buildings shade each other. Tall buildings with narrow alleys between them work best
   5. Avoid reflections from adjacent structures that have while walls and/or reflective glazing
   6. Build attached houses or clusters to minimize the number of exposed walls
   7. Use free-standing or wing walls to shade the east, west, and north walls
   8. Use the form of the building to shade itself (cantilever floors, balconies, courtyards)
   9. Avoid east and especially west windows if at all possible. Minimize the size and number of any east and west windows that are necessary. Project windows on the east and west facades so that they face n a northerly or southerly directions
   10. Use only vertical glazing. Any horizontal or sloped lazing should be shaded on the outside during the summer. Only skylights on the steel northern roofs do not require exterior shading
   11. Use exterior shading devices on all windows except north windows in cool climates
   12. Shade not only windows but also east and especially west walls. In very hot climate also shade the south wall
   13. Use a double or second roof (ice house roof), with the pace between the roofs well ventilated, use a parasol roof
   14. Use shaded outdoor spaces, such as porches and carports to protect the south, east and especially west facades
   15. Use open rather than solid shading devices to prevent trapping hot air nxt to the windows
   16. Use vines on trellises or shading
   17. Use moveable shading devices that can retract  to all full winter sun penetration and more daylight on cloudy summer days
   18. Use highly reflective building surface (white is best). The roof and west wall are the most critical
   19. Use exterior shading devices in addition to exterior shading devices
   20. Use selective glazing to reduce heat gain but still allow views and day lighting
   21. Place outdoor courtyards, which are intended for summer use, on the north side of the building. The east side is the next best choice

5. Use natural ventilation for summer cooling

   1. Night ventilation that is used to cool the building in preparation for the next day is called “night flush cooling” and is described under priority VII
   2. Natural ventilation that cools people by passing air over their skin is called “comfort ventilation”
   3. Site and orient the building to capture the prevailing winds
   4. Direct and channel winds toward the building by means of the landscaping and landforms
   5. Keep building far enough apart to allow full access to the desirable winds
   6. In mild climates here winters are not very cold and summer temperatures are not extremely high, use a non-compact shape for maximum cross-ventilation
   7. Elevate the main living space since wind velocity increases with the height above ground
   8. Use high ceilings, two story spaces, and open stairwells for vertical air movement and for the benefits  of stratification
   9. Provide cross-ventilation by using large windows on both the windward and leeward sides of the building
   10. Use fin walls to direct air through the windows
   11. Use a combination of high and low openings to take advantage of the stack effect
   12. Use roof openings to vent both the attic and the whole building. Use openings, such as monitors, cupolas, dormers, roof turrets, ridge vents, gable vents, and soffit vents
   13. Use porches to create cool outdoor space s and to protect open windows from sun and rain
   14. Use a double or parasol roof with sufficient clearance to allow the wind to ventilate the hot air collecting between the two roofs
   15. Use high-quality operable windows with good seals to allow summer ventilation while preventing winter infiltration
   16. Use an open floor plan for maximum air flow. Minimize the use of partitions
   17. Keep transoms and doors open between rooms
   18. Use a solar chimney to move air vertically through a building on calm, sunny days
   19. Use operable windows or moveable panels in garden walls to maximize the summer ventilation of a site while allowing protection against the winter winds

6. Allow natural ventilation to both cool and remove excess moisture in the summer

   1. All strategies from priority V apply
   2. Elevate the main living floor above the high humidity found near the ground
   3. Use plants sparsely. Minimize low trees, shrubbery, and ground cores to enable air to circulate through the site to remove moisture. Use only trees that have a high canopy
   4. Avoid deep basement that cannot be ventilated

7. Use thermal mass to reduce da-to-night temperature swings in the summer

   1. This cooling strategy is also knwown as “night flush”because the thermal mass is usually cooled with night ventilation
   2. Use massive construction materials since they hae a high heat capacity. Use materias such as brick, concrete, stone, and adobe
   3. Pplace insulation on the outside of the thermal mass
   4. If massive materialas are also to be used on the outside, sandwich the insulation between the inside and outside walls
   5. Use earth or rock in direct contact with the uninsulated walls
   6. Keep daytime hot air out of the building by closing all openings
   7. Open the building at night to allow cool air to enter. Use the strategies of natural ventilation, listed above in priority V, to maximize the night cooling of the thermal mass
   8. Use water as a thermal mass because of its high heat capacity. Use containers that maximize heat transfer into and out of the water
   9. Use radiant or evaporative cooling for additional temperature drop in the thermal mass at night
   10. Use mechanical equipment at night when it is most efficient to create a heat sink. By cooling the building at night the cool theral mass can soak up heat the next day
   11. Use earth sheltering to maximize the benefits of mass

8. Keep hot temperatures out during the summer

   1. Use compact designs to minimize the surface-area-to volume ratio
   2. Build attached house to minimize the number of exposed walls
   3. Use vegetation and shade structures to maintain cool ambient air around the building and to prevent reflecting sunlight into the windows
   4. Use earth sheltering in the form of underground or bermed structure
   5. Use plenty of insulation in the building envelope
   6. Use few and small windows to keep heat out
   7. Use exterior window sheltering shutters in hot climates use double glazing and in very hot climates also use moveable insulation over windows during the day when a space is unoccupied
   8. Isolate sources of heat in a separate room, wing, or building
   9. Zone building so that certain spaces are cooled only while occupied
   10. Use light-colored roofs and wall to reflect the sun’s heat

9. Use evaporative cooling in the summer

   1. Locate pools or fountains in the building, in a courtyard, or in the path of incoming winds
   2. Use transpiration by plants to cool the air both indoors and outdoors
   3. Spray water on roof, walls, and patios to cool these surfaces
   4. Pass incoming air through a curtain of water or a wet fabric
   5. Use a roof pond or another “indirect evaporative cooling” system
   6. Use an “evaporative cooler” This simple and inexpensive mechanical device uses very little electrical energy

10. Avoid creating additional humidity during the summer

    1. Do not use evaporative cooling strategies In humid climates
    2. Use underground or drop rather than spray irrigation
    3. Avoid pools and fountains
    4. Keep the area around the building dry by providing the proper drainage of land channel runoff water from the roof and paved areas away from the site
    5. Use permeable paving materials to prevent puddles on the surface
    6. Minimize plant especially indoors, use plants that add little water to the air by transpiration. Such plants are usually native to dry climates. Use trees that have a high canopy
    7. Shade plants and pools of water both indoors and out because the heat of the sun greatly increase the rate of transpiration and evaporation
    8. Use exhaust fans in kitchens, bathrooms, laundry rooms, etc., to remove excess moisture

11. Open the building to the outdoors since temperatures are comfortable much of the year

    1. Create outdoor space with different orientations for use at different times of the year. For example, use outdoor spaces on the south side in the winter and on the north side in the summer
    2. Create outdoor living areas that are sheltered from the hot summer sun and cool winter winds
    3. Use noncompact building deigns for maximum contact with the outdoors. Use an articulated building with many extensions or wings to create outdoor living spaces
    4. Use large areas oof operable windows, doors, and even moveable walls to increase contact with the outdoors
    5. Create pavilion-like buildings that have few interior partitions and minimal exterior walls

Sources:

• Climate

  • The determining factor of figuring out a climate or its average weather is understanding the suns angles (latitude) tropic, temperate, and artic zones. Because the atmosphere is almost completely invisible to solar energy from the sun the main heating of the air occurs at the earth’s surface. A global north-south flow of air is generated because the equator is heated more than the poles, the flow can alter because of the changes in seasons and the rotation of the earth. The rotation of the Earth deflects the north-south air currents by an effect known as the “Coriolis Force”. (In physics, the Coriolis Effect is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right.) Another factor of climate and the wind is the uneven distribution of landmasses on the globe; because of its higher heat capacity water does not heat up or cool down as fast as the land. Mountain ranges not only block advert winds but also have a major effect on the moisture content of the air. [For example over the Pacific Ocean solar radiation evaporates water and the air becomes more humid, the westerly winds blow this moist air overland, where it is forced up over the north-south mountain ranges. As it rises it cools down at a rate of 3.6°F for every 1000ft (300m) when the temperature drops, the relative humidity (RD) increases until it reaches 100 %. Any additional cooling will cause the moisture to condense in the form of clouds, rain, or snow. Along the mountain side because during the day the mountain surface heats up faster than the free air around it the warm air direction moves along the slopes during the days and down during the night because the mountain surface cools by radiation more quickly than the free air.

  • Micro climate

    • A micro climate is noticed when the local climate is not matching with the climate region. If buildings are to relate to their environment the factors that are responsible for making the micro climate deviate from the macro climate are:
      • Elevation above the sea level, the steeper the slope of the land the faster the temperature will drop with an increase in elevation.
      • Forms of land, South-facing slopes are warmer than north-facing because they receive much more solar radiation due to the solstices and angle of the Earth. During the winter cold the South-facing slopes are protected from the cold because the winter winds usually blow in from the north, West slopes are warmer than east slopes because the period of high solar radiation bodies of water have a significant effect on temperature that generate daily breezes.
      • Soil types, for the soil the water, color and heat capacity plays a role when determining the micro climate a well. Evaporation from the soil cools the air above the ground. Light colored sand can reflect large amounts of sunlight but at the same time it increases the radiation load on people or the buildings because o their high heat capacity. Rocks absorb the heat during the day and are released at night.
      • Vegetation, shading and transpiration plants can reduce the air temperature and ground temperatures and also increase humidity even if it is already too high. Evapotranspiration is the term used to describe evaporation from the soil and transpiration (the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature.) from plants. The idea for the hotter climates is to have high canopy trees for protection from the sun and no low plants so that the breeze would not get blocked or lowered. Colder climates plants can reduce the cooling breeze effect from the wind,
      • Man-made Structures, the construction done by man plays a more controllable climate role for a micro climate because the schematics that are planned (buildings, streets, parking lots) have different characteristics than what is natural. (size mass and color)
    • Relative Humidity
      • Evaporation of skin moisture that gets absorbed by the dry air causing rapid evaporation that will effectively cool the body. Low relative humidity levels causes the dry noses, mouths, eyes, and skin and increases in respiratory illnesses. High humidity reduces the evaporating cooling rate but also causes high rate of mildew growth.
      • Mean Radiant temperature: the surface radiant fluctuations. (reach of temperature fluctuations)

Hours of Daylight per Day (15^th day of each Month)

Climatic Region Information:

Köppen Climate Classification System

The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the world’s climates. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen divided the Earth’s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

• The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

  • A – Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round rain.
  • B – Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups, S– semiarid or steppe, and W – arid or desert, are used with the B climates.
  • C – In humid Middle Latitude Climates land/water differences play a large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
  • D – Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
  • E – Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.

• Further subgroups are designated by a second lower case letter which distinguishes specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

  • f – Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
  • m – Rainforest climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.
  • s – There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).
  • w – There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

• To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

  • a – Hot summers where the warmest month is over 22°C (72°F). These can be found in C and D climates.
  • b – Warm summer with the warmest month below 22°C (72°F). These can also be found in C and D climates.
  • c – Cool, short summers with less than four months over 10°C (50°F) in the C and D climates.
  • d – Very cold winters with the coldest month below -38°C (-36°F) in the D climate only.
  • h – Dry-hot with a mean annual temperature over 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.
  • k – Dry-cold with a mean annual temperature less than 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.

• Resources:

  • https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/arch261/Notes.html
  • “Heating Cooling and Lighting Sustainable Design methods fir Architecture” Norbert Lechner
  • “Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition” Francis D.K. Ching
  • http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm